The invention discloses a quadtree-based binary image coding and high-efficiency logical operation method. Therefore, a binary image can be expressed with the small space; and five kinds of basic logical operations of AND, logic or, logic XOR, logical difference and logical negation and combined operations of the binary image can be completed quickly. The binary image participating in the operations is processed by necessary expansion and then is expressed by a quadtree, all nodes of the quadtree are coded, and node codes are organized into a coding sequence according to an access sequence of nodes during a quadtree deep first searching process; an equivalent operation of a basic logical operation in the binary image coding sequence is determined; a complex logical operation is decomposed into a plurality of basic binary logic operations and the operations are completed in the coding sequence; and then a result binary image is reconstructed by the coding sequence. According to the invention, the space cost for expressing a binary image can be reduced by using the quadtree and the code; and a plurality of serial pixel logical operations are compressed into the operation of coding of a few nodes, thereby reducing the operation time obviously.