The invention discloses a metal nanoparticle/nanocellulose compound-based enzyme-free glucose electrochemical sensor. The metal nanoparticle/nanocellulose compound-based enzyme-free glucose electrochemical sensor comprises a three-electrode system composed of a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode; the surface of the working electrode is coated with a nanocellulose/metal nanoparticle compound; and the surface of nanocellulose is modified with a strong cation conductive polymer. A preparation method of the working electrode comprises following steps: the surface of nanocellulose is modified with the strong cation conductive polymer, and in-situ deposition of metal nanoparticles on the surface of the modified nanocellulose is carried out so as to obtain the nanocellulose/metal nanoparticle compound; and the working electrode is modified with the nanocellulose/metal nanoparticle compound. The metal nanoparticle/nanocellulose compound-based enzyme-free glucose electrochemical sensor is capable of increasing sensitivity and selectivity of glucose analysis; sensitivity of the metal nanoparticle/nanocellulose compound-based enzyme-free glucose electrochemical sensor is high; response speed is high; performance is stable; anti-interference ability is high; linear detection range on glucose ranges from 4M to 15mM; detection limit is 1.4M; the preparation method is simple; cost is low; and no enzyme is introduced into the preparation process.