The invention discloses a special-purpose ventilation unit for a 10-KV centrally installed switchgear. The ventilation unit comprises a cabinet body; and the cabinet body is divided into three chambers from top to bottom by glass-fiber toughening flame-retardant plates, wherein the three chambers contain an instrument chamber, a circuit breaker chamber, and a cable chamber. Infrared temperature measuring devices are arranged inside the instrument chamber and the circuit breaker chamber; and a monitoring device is arranged in the circuit breaker chamber. Fans are arranged on the outer walls of the instrument chamber, the circuit breaker chamber, and the cable chamber. The Infrared temperature measuring devices and the fans are connected with the monitoring device electrically by data lines. According to the invention, an abnormal heating phenomenon inside the cabinet body can be detected by a temperature detection device and the information is fed back to the monitoring device; and the monitoring device adjusts the temperature by adjusting the fans and alarming is carried out by using an alarm lamp and a buzzer. Therefore, safety of electricity consumption is substantially improved.