Disclosed is a graphene printed circuit structure including a substrate excellent in electrical insulation and a graphene printed circuit layer provided on the substrate. The graphene printed circuit layer is electrically conductive and can be used as a circuit pattern like an electrical circuit on the circuit board. The graphene printed circuit layer includes surface-modified nanographene platelets, a carrier resin and a filler. The ratio of the particle size of the filler to the thickness of the surface-modified nanographene platelet is 2-1000, and the surface-modified nanographene platelets are dispersed in the carrier resin. The nanographene platelets are uniformly placed among the carrier resin so as to enhance contact with the filler. The graphene printed circuit pattern structure provides excellent electrical properties and heat dissipation to achieve protection by preventing electrical elements from overheat.