The invention discloses a power transmission line waving track calibration system based on a light curtain sensor and a calibration method. The power transmission line waving track calibration system comprises a light curtain sensor system, a signal conditioning conversion system, a data collecting conversion system and a monitoring analysis system, wherein the emitting ends and the receiving ends of multiple groups of transverse light curtain sensors are respectively and fixedly arranged at the upper side and the lower side of the power transmission line waving range; the setting ends and the receiving ends of the multiple groups of longitudinal light curtain sensors are respectively and fixedly arranged at the left side and the right side of the power transmission line waving range; the monitoring analysis system screens out all high-level signals, and simultaneously records corresponding time of each high-level signal; the power transmission line waving track is finally drawn through inquiring the positions of the light curtain sensors corresponding to each high-level signal. The calibration system and the calibration method have the advantages that the high-sensitivity calibration on the waving track of a power transmission line driven by an indoor waving machine can be realized, the measurement precision is high, the measurement errors are small, and the continuity and the completeness of the power transmission line waving track calibration are guaranteed.