The invention discloses a rock stratum and ground surface subsidence simulation box type test device. The device comprises a pedestal and a subsidence test box which is arranged on the pedestal, wherein a plurality of coal bed blocks are arranged in the subsidence test box; the subsidence test box comprises a left side plate, a right side plate, a front side plate and a rear side plate; the front side plate and the rear side plate are both of transparent structures and the front side plate can slide up and down along the left and right side plates; the top end and the bottom end of the subsidence test box are both of open structures; an enclosure frame for mounting the coal bed blocks is arranged on the inner side of the lower part of the subsidence test box; the coal bed blocks are arranged around the inner side of the enclosure frame; a coal mining board is arranged on the lower side of the enclosure frame; the rear end of the coal mining board extends into the subsidence test box, and the front end of the coal mining board extends out of the outer side of the subsidence test box; the front end of the coal mining board is provided with a coal mining board slope adjustment mechanism. The device is easy to assemble, has a good visual effect, and can simulate the mining conditions such as different thicknesses of coal beds and inclination angles during full mining, strip mining and mining with filling through the slope adjustment mechanism.