Disclosed are a method and apparatus for generating and processing a quantum signal in a regular frame unit for quantum encryption key distribution. According to one aspect of the present embodiments, a transmission device of a quantum encryption key distribution system includes: a photon pulse sequence generating unit that generates quantum information in a numbered frame unit and periodically transmits the quantum information through a quantum channel; an open channel transceiving unit that communicates with a reception device of the quantum encryption key distribution system through an open channel; a frame synchronization information generating unit that generates frame synchronization information for operating frame synchronization of the reception device and transmits the frame synchronization information to the reception device through the open channel transceiving unit for each frame or several frames; and a signal processing unit that transceives open information for each frame through the open channel transceiving unit and signal processes the quantum information as a frame unit, wherein the quantum signal is generated and processed as a regular frame unit.