The invention relates to a method for quickly optimizing a multi-layered heat shielding structure, and belongs to the technical field of structure heat analysis. The method can be used for quick analysis and design of the heat shielding structure. The method comprises the steps 1, a one-dimension heat transfer analysis finite element model is set up for the heat shielding structure; 2, initial conditions are exerted on the model obtained from the step 1; 3, boundary conditions are exerted on the model obtained from the step 1; 4, unit partition is conducted on the finite element model obtained from the step 1, and a unit model is obtained; 5, a finite element tool is used for calculating the heat transfer analysis model, and a shell temperature is extracted; 6, parameters used in the step 1, the step 2, and the step 3 and the shell temperature extracted from the step 5 are input to a file, and the file is stored as a parameter file 1; 7, whether the parameter file 1 meets a heat shielding design requirement is detected. The method can quickly achieve the optimization design for the multi-layered heat shielding structure and improves work efficiency.