The invention relates to an ecological slope or dam protection structure. According to the technical scheme, the ecological slope or dam protection structure comprises a slope protection block and a fixation pile, wherein the slope protection block consists of vertical step distribution cylinders, the lower end of each cylinder is an inclined surface, the cylinders are connected with one another through rib plates to form an integral structure, the cylinders of the slope protection block close to the water surface are provided with radial water inlets and downwards inclined multi-layered holes, the front end of the fixation pile is taper-shaped, the diameter of the fixation pile corresponds to through holes of the cylinders of the slope protection block, and the slope protection block is fixed and positioned by the fixation pile. The ecological slope or dam protection structure has the advantages that live and multiply passageways and places are provided for amphibious animals while slope or dam protection is constructed, and harmonious development of natural and ecological environments is achieved.