The invention relates to a high-efficiency and low-carbon aquaculture system of penaeus vanmamei, and belongs to the field of aquaculture. The high-efficiency and low-carbon aquaculture system of penaeus vanmamei comprises an aquaculture pond, a facility water treatment pond and a microorganism water treatment pond, wherein the facility water treatment pond and the microorganism water treatment pond are respectively arranged in parallel at the left and right of the aquaculture pond and communicated with the aquaculture pond; a sunlight greenhouse equipped with an arch-shaped slope surface covers the aquaculture pond; two sets of water circulating filtering systems are respectively formed between the facility water treatment pond, the aquaculture pond and the microorganism water treatment pond. According to the high-efficiency and low-carbon aquaculture system of penaeus vanmamei, the whole device is simple in structure, the operation is conveniently carried out, and a high-efficiency facility system is brought for aquaculture of penaeus vanmamei; in addition, the aquaculture cycle is prolonged, the aquaculture effect is improved, the influence of outside on the aquaculture environment is prevented; the quality of water for aquaculture is ensured through the water circulating purifying systems, and thereby the water resource can be saved, and the aquaculture pollution is also reduced; bait is cultured through waste, and thus the amount of fed feed can be effectively decreased.