The invention brings forward a distributed fiber monitoring method and system for strains and stresses of a ship lock structure. The system comprises distributed sensitive optical cables, a data acquisition device, and a data processing and analyzing module; and the distributed sensitive optical cables are laid into tops and bottoms or inner surfaces and outer surfaces of reinforced concrete surface layers of a lock head base plate, a water delivery gallery, a lock chamber base plate, and a lock chamber wall by a way of binding with main ribs so as to form a U-shaped loop. After concrete pouring is completed for laying of the distributed sensitive optical cables into the tops and bottoms or inner surfaces and outer surfaces of the reinforced concrete surface layers of the lock head base plate, the water delivery gallery, the lock chamber base plate, and the lock chamber wall by a way of binding with main ribs, the distance between the sensitive optical cables and the surfaces of the concretes is 5 to 10cm; and the sensitive optical cables are deformed synchronously with the reinforced concrete structures and optical fiber sensors generate corresponding stresses. And a data acquisition station is established at the top of the lock head; and the laid sensitive optical cables lines are connected to the data acquisition station by optical cables.