The invention discloses an electric quantity data transmission system and an electric quantity data transmission method based on Beidou satellite communication. The system comprises a field end meter reading device, a field end protocol conversion and data forwarding device, a field end Beidou communication processor, a Beidou satellite, a main station end Beidou satellite communication processor, a main station end protocol conversion and data forwarding device and a central main station application server. According to the electric quantity data transmission system and the electric quantity data transmission method based on the Beidou satellite communication disclosed by the invention, a short message function of bidirectional communication of the Beidou satellite is utilized under the conditions of not transforming an intensive meter reading device of an inhabitant field and not transforming a power utilization information main station system of an electric power company, so as to realize the acquisition of power utilization information of inhabitants in remote areas; the manpower and material resources are saved greatly.