The invention provides a structural dark field adaptive optics retina imager which comprises a light source, an optical system, a structural dark field realizing device, an adaptive optical device and a computer. Light emitted by the light source is collimated into parallel light after passing through an illuminating objective lens. The parallel light forms ring-shaped structural light through a ring-shaped diaphragm. The ring-shaped light shines on eye ground retinas through a human eye optical system. The light directly reflected by the retinas is still reflected according to an incident light path. A light beam is unchanged in structure after passing through a light beam matching system, a deformable mirror and the light beam matching system and then enters an imaging light path. As the radius of a round hole diaphragm is the same as the inner diameter of the ring-shaped diaphragm, the light beam is filtered out by the round hole diaphragm, and can not participate in imaging. The light scattered by the retinas enters the imaging light path after passing through the light matching system, the deformable mirror and the light matching system. Most of the light in the light beam can participate in imaging through the round hole diaphragm. The imager achieves dark field imaging through a structural illuminating and receiving method, and improves a contrast ratio of retina images compared with the prior art.