The invention discloses a pneumatic pipeline transport system and a pneumatic pipeline transport method, and relates to the field of pipeline transport. The pneumatic pipeline transport system is invented to relieve the impact of a transporter on a receiving workstation, and comprises a transport pipeline connected between a transmitting workstation and the receiving workstation, wherein the receiving workstation is horizontally arranged. A vent hole is arranged at the end of the receiving workstation, and a one-way valve capable of being opened towards the inside of the receiving workstation is pivotally connected at the vent hole. The pneumatic pipeline transport method includes the steps: forming positive pressure in the transport pipeline by airflow generated by an air source generating device; pushing the transporter to run towards the receiving workstation; closing the one-way valve arranged on the receiving workstation by the positive pressure in the transport pipeline; and enabling the transporter to run to the receiving workstation under the action of front and back pressure. The system and the method are applicable to pneumatic pipeline transport for articles.