Disclosed is an apparatus for rapid cake discharge and filter cloth cleaning of a filter press. The apparatus comprises a support frame, a filter plate part, a rapid cake discharge part and a filter cloth cleaning part, wherein the support frame comprises a central beam (19); the filter cloth cleaning part comprises spray lances (26) capable of achieving a change in elevation relative to the central beam and nozzles (25, 27) mounted on the spray lances; the filter plate part comprises a filter plate set composed of more than two filter plates (6) and a filter plate drive part, filter plate spacing plates (7) being installed between the filter plates (6), and the filter plate set being drawn apart and compacted together under the drive of the filter plate drive part; the rapid cake discharge part comprises filter cloths installed between adjacent filter plates (6), the filter cloths being installed on the spray lances (26) by means of a filter cloth hanging bar (5), and the lower ends of the filter cloths being provided with filter cloth weight rods (20); and the filter cloth cleaning part further comprises spray lance spacing plates (3) mounted between the spray lances (26).