The invention discloses an on-line predictive control method of traffic bottlenecks based on a FPGA and an improved Whitham model, and aims to solve the technical problem that on-line predictive control is difficult to perform on the traffic bottlenecks on actual highways or blocked roads the existing method. According to the method, the Whitham model is improved, a variable information display board is integrated into the Whitham model, predictive analysis is performed on highways or blocked roads based on an FPGA platform and the improved Whitham model, the traffic bottlenecks are found according to a defined state variable, and then control schemes of ramp control and the variable information display board are provided and taken to prediction models according to priority to find reasonable control schemes to perform on-line control on the traffic bottlenecks, so that the traffic bottlenecks on the actual highways or blocked roads can be effectively controlled.