The invention discloses a self-locked prestressed anchoring structure, comprising an embedded part with a split structure and an extrusion cable body, wherein the embedded part comprises a rear protective hood, a multi-piece slide block, an elastomer, an anchoring backing plate, a spiral bar and an embedded pipe; the extrusion cable body comprises a guide head, an anchoring sleeve and a prestressed bar; the prestressed bar is anchored by the anchoring sleeve and the top end of the prestressed bar is provided with the guide head; and the vertical prestressed anchoring system with the structure comprises a lower-end anchoring unit and an upper-end anchoring unit which respectively have a self-locked prestressed anchoring structure. When the self-locked prestressed anchoring structure is used, the lower anchoring backing plate is combined with the rear protective hood into a whole by using bolts and is embedded together with the spiral bar and the embedded pipe into a prefabricated concrete block; one end of the extrusion cable body with the guide head is penetrated from the embedded pipe and then passes through the multi-piece slide block, and finally, the multi-piece slide block is gathered together to lock the anchoring sleeve of the extrusion cable body in the action of the elastomer; therefore, the prestressed bar cannot be retracted and the lower-end anchoring unit of the self-locked prestressed anchoring structure with the slide block is formed. The self-locked vertical prestressed anchoring system has a simple structure and is convenient in construction.