The invention discloses a concrete structure construction maintenance method in a severe environment, which includes steps: firstly, maintaining structural concrete with a mould, wherein the maintenance process includes timely heat-insulating and moisturizing measures after concreting and heat-insulating and moisturizing maintenance until the demoulding strength is reached; secondly, pre-maintaining demoulded structural concrete, including demoulding and synchronous wrapping of structural concrete surface and maintenance of heat insulating, moisturizing and watering for no less than 14 days from the concreting day; and thirdly, post-maintaining structural concrete, including first-stage post-maintenance for no less than 30 days from the concreting day and second-stage post-maintenance forno less than 30 days from the concreting day. The maintenance method is simple in procedure, low in input cost, convenient in construction, effective in maintenance, capable of effectively improving concrete strength and durability and applicable to concrete structure construction maintenance under severe environment conditions such as negative temperature, frozen soil, strong wind areas, large temperature difference, high evaporation and the like.