The invention relates to a device and a method for carrying out filling mining plane strain simulation test. The device comprises a test model frame filled with emulated coal and rock seams. An emulated filling mining simulation system is arranged at the position of the emulated coal seam of the test model frame. The top of the test model frame is connected with an equivalent loading system. The emulated filling mining simulation system is connected with an information acquisition system. Equipment arranged on a support frame, such as a simulation fully-mechanized filling bracket and the like, is utilized to carry out analog simulation on fully-mechanized filling mining. An included angle between the emulated rock seam and the horizontal ground is changed by moving a positioning block arranged on an angle modulation screw for simulating the movement condition of the overlaying rock seam in the fully-mechanized filling process of the inclined or steep coal seam. Filling bodies and the variation conditions of a pressure and a displacement in the overlaying rock seam in the filling process can be monitored in real time by the information acquisition system, so that the filling miningfield condition is really reflected. The device for carrying out filling mining plane strain simulation test has simple, compact and reasonable structure, stable and reliable test method and high practical value.