The invention relates to a river deposit columnar sampling device. The river deposit columnar sampling device consists of a force-applying handle, a connecting rod, a top cover, a gland, a hinge, a sampling outer pipe, a sampling inner pipe, a sampling cutter, screws and a sealing device, wherein an elliptic connecting hole on the force-applying handle is sleeved at an elliptic solid end at one end of the connecting rod and is fixed by the screws; the other end of the connecting rod is connected with the top cover through a threaded connection hole; the top cover is fixedly connected with thesampling outer pipe; the sampling inner pipe is arranged inside the sampling outer pipe; the sampling cutter is connected with an internal thread arranged on the inner wall of the sampling outer pipethrough an external thread arranged on the sampling cutter; the sealing device is arranged between the gland and a water outlet in the top cover; and the gland is arranged on the top cover through the hinge. The river deposit columnar sampling device has a simple structure, is easy to operate, is convenient to carry, realizes batch sampling by directly replacing the sampling inner pipe, has high sampling efficiency, is suitable for field operation, and has relatively high practical value and wide application prospects in the technical field of ecological environment protection.