The invention relates to an edible fungus culture method based on xylose residues, which comprises the following steps: drying xylose residues in the sun, and preparing into a culture material; sterilizing, and then subpackaging in culture bags; planting edible fungus strains in the culture bags, culturing in a culture room to obtain hyphae and sporocarps of the edible fungi, and picking the edible fungi, wherein the everyday ventilation time of the culture room is 10-15 minutes, and sterilization and mite protection are performed in the culture process; and after finishing picking first fungi, clearing away residual roots, spraying water once to keep the moisture content in the culture material at 60-65%, and continuing to culture for 10-20 days until second fungi grow out. By using xylose residues as raw materials for culturing edible fungi, the invention realizes that xylose waste is changed into a useful substance, thereby saving a large number of physical resources, improving theenvironment and reducing environmental pollution; and the produced edible fungus has high biological efficiency and high quality, and is rich in nutrients. Thus, the invention has obvious economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the characteristics of low cost, resource conservation, cyclic utilization of waste and the like, thereby being worth popularizing widely.