The invention relates to rock stratum recognizing device and method based on an array optical fiber sensor. The device comprises a main control machine, wherein the output end of the main control machine is connected with a light source, and the light source is connected with an array optical fiber grating sensor after shunted through a shunt; the output end of the array optical fiber grating sensor is connected with the input end of a demodulator; the output end of the demodulator is connected with the input end of a filter amplifying module; the output end of the filter amplifying module isconnected with the input end of an AD (Analog-to-Digital) converting module; the output end of the AD converting module is connected with the main control machine; and the main control machine is also in two-way communication with a peripheral data interface. The invention is suitable for detecting mine earthquake, positioning an earthquake focus and recognizing rock stratum information in a sensor range in various mines so as to obtain more mine information and explore the motion law of the mines under the condition of limited equipment.