The invention discloses a neodymium catalyst for producing synthetic rubber. The catalyst is prepared by the following steps of: preparing solution of organic neodymium phosphonate, solution of aluminum alkyl compound and solution of chloride by using a solvent; adding conjugated diene, the solution of aluminum alkyl compound and the solution of chloride into the solution of organic neodymium phosphonate in turn so as to prepare a ternary catalyst system chelate; and grinding the ternary catalyst system chelate, feeding the ternary catalyst system chelate and the conjugated diene into a high shear emulsification pump and an ageing kettle in turn, adding the solvent for diluting, and stirring and ageing to obtain the product. The neodymium catalyst has uniform dispersion and does not cluster, so that the molecular weight distribution is more uniform. Therefore, the consumption of the catalyst can be reduced, the cost is saved, and the product quality of the synthetic rubber is improved.