The invention relates to a method for carrying out grouping cooperative communication on multiple users based on network encoding technology, which means that grouping is carried out on the multiple users in a special grouping way in a cellular relay network; then, each group of user data is encoded and transmitted by a relay node through the network encoding technology, so that the relay transmission efficiency is improved, and the problem of low relay upstream transmission efficiency can be solved; and when the user is positioned at the edge of a subdistrict, the method can improve the transmission performance, and the coverage range of a base station in the whole subdistrict is enlarged. The method comprises the operation steps of: setting the functions of the relay node in an initialized way, channel estimation and base station selection, judgment of a cooperative partner, grouping transmission executed by the user and self-adaptive centralized control executed by the base station. The method fully utilizes the channel characteristics of cellular cell users, and can be used for grouping the multiple users, thus practically improving the relay transmission efficiency and the transmission performance of the edge user, and reducing the outage probability of the system.