The invention discloses a device for realizing the measurement of blood pressure and pulse wave velocity by one time of air inflation. The device is characterized by comprising an air pump, a first switching air valve, a second switching air valve, a third switching air valve, a first air leakage nozzle, an air storage bag, a special cuff and a first sensor, wherein the air pump is used for generating an air source; the first switching air valve, the second switching air valve and the third switching air valve are used for controlling the on-off state of an air passage; the first air leakage nozzle is used for controlling an inflation/deflation rate; the air storage bag is used for storing air; the special cuff is used for acquiring a pulse wave of a patient body; the first sensor is used for acquiring real-time pressure intensity of the air in the cuff; the air pump, the air storage bag, the first switching air valve, the second switching air valve and the third switching air valve are connected with each other through a five-way air passage; the cuff, the first air leakage nozzle, the third switching air valve and the first sensor are connected with each other through a four-way air passage; and the second switching air valve is connected with the first air leakage nozzle.