The invention discloses an elliptic fisheye image-based distortion correction method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: firstly, establishing an imaging model of an elliptic fisheye image under a coordinate system of a camera by using an elliptic paraboloid; performing approximate calibration on the parameters of the model by using a pixel coordinate system; and finally, performing the distortion correction on the obtained fisheye image by using the established model. The invention provides the elliptic fisheye image-based distortion correction method for a 180-degree viewing angle, which can particularly obtain a fluoroscopic image corrected by the elliptic fisheye image quickly and simply in case of unknown camera parameters.