The invention relates to a device and a method for detecting hatching egg incubation quality based on computer vision, belonging to the technical field of agricultural product detection. The device comprises a CCD camera, an optical chamber, an object stage, a light source, an image acquisition card and a computer. The method comprises the following steps: adopting the CCD camera to acquire a perspective image of an egg, and then transmitting the image into the computer through the image acquisition card; processing the image to extract a color feature parameter; and discriminating whether the egg is fertilized or not according to a Bayes discrimination model for egg incubation quality. The invention detects the hatching egg incubation quality by applying a computer vision method and can reduce the labor intensity and the interferences of artificial subjective factors and obtain a more objective and accurate result. Proved by experiments, when the method is used for detecting the hatching egg incubation quality, the detection accuracy on the sixth day of a white-shell hatching egg reaches 100 percent, and the accuracy for verifying the model reaches 100 percent; the detection accuracy on the sixth day of a brown-shell hatching egg reaches 97.1 percent, and the accuracy for verifying the model reaches 100 percent.