The invention discloses a building method of an optical fiber temperature measuring device which is used for building a temperature measuring device that is applicable to high-voltage power equipment and has better dynamic performance, better measuring precision and lower production cost. The optical fiber temperature measuring device consists of an optical fiber temperature sensor (2) with semiconductor absorption and a neural network inverse dynamic compensator (3) which are serially connected; the optical fiber temperature sensor (2) with semiconductor absorption is used for converting thetemperature of measured points into converted photoelectric voltage; the neural network inverse dynamic compensator (3) consists of a differentiator (31) and a static neural network (32), is realizedwith a single chip micyoco and peripheral equipment, and is used for obtaining dynamic compensation results, finishing the dynamic compensation of the converted photoelectric voltage, and improving the precision and the dynamic performance of temperature measurement.